Gpt classifier - The AI Text Classifier is a fine-tuned GPT model that predicts how likely it is that AI generated a piece of text. The model can be used to detect ChatGPT and AI Plagiarism, but it’s not reliable enough yet because actually knowing if it’s human vs. machine-generated is really hard. “Our classifier is not fully reliable.

 
Using GPT models for downstream NLP tasks. It is evident that these GPT models are powerful and can generate text that is often indistinguishable from human-generated text. But how can we get a GPT model to perform tasks such as classification, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, text cleaning, and information extraction?. Xxx miakalifa

Getting Started - NLP - Classification Using GPT-2 | Kaggle. Andres_G · 2y ago · 1,847 views.Educator FAQ. Like the internet, ChatGPT is a powerful tool that can help educators and students if used thoughtfully. There are many ways to get there, and the education community is where the best answers will come from. To support educators on this journey, we are providing a few resources below, including links to introductory materials ...You need to use GPT2Model class to generate the sentence embeddings of the text. once you have the embeddings feed them to a Linear NN and softmax function to obtain the logits, below is a component for text classification using GPT2 I'm working on (still a work in progress, so I'm open to suggestions), it follows the logic I just described:A content moderation system using GPT-4 results in much faster iteration on policy changes, reducing the cycle from months to hours. GPT-4 is also able to interpret rules and nuances in long content policy documentation and adapt instantly to policy updates, resulting in more consistent labeling. We believe this offers a more positive vision of ...Mar 7, 2022 · GPT 3 text classifier. To have access to GPT3 you need to create an account in Opena.ai. The first time you will receive 18 USD to test the models and no credit card is needed. After creating the ... Oct 18, 2022 · SetFit is outperforming GPT-3 in 7 out of 11 tasks, while being 1600x smaller. In this blog, you will learn how to use SetFit to create a text-classification model with only a 8 labeled samples per class, or 32 samples in total. You will also learn how to improve your model by using hyperparamter tuning. You will learn how to: Dec 14, 2021 · The GPT-n series show very promising results for few-shot NLP classification tasks and keep improving as their model size increases (GPT3–175B). However, those models require massive computational resources and they are sensitive to the choice of prompts for training. Aug 15, 2023 · A content moderation system using GPT-4 results in much faster iteration on policy changes, reducing the cycle from months to hours. GPT-4 is also able to interpret rules and nuances in long content policy documentation and adapt instantly to policy updates, resulting in more consistent labeling. We believe this offers a more positive vision of ... As seen in the formulation above, we need to teach GPT-2 to pick the correct class when given the problem as a multiple-choice problem. The authors teach GPT-2 to do this by fine-tuning on a simple pre-training task called title prediction. 1. Gathering Data for Weak SupervisionAug 15, 2023 · A content moderation system using GPT-4 results in much faster iteration on policy changes, reducing the cycle from months to hours. GPT-4 is also able to interpret rules and nuances in long content policy documentation and adapt instantly to policy updates, resulting in more consistent labeling. We believe this offers a more positive vision of ... 1. AI Text Classifier AI Text Classifer comes straight from the source: ChatGPT developer OpenAI. It seems a little awkward for ChatGPT to evaluate itself, but since it’s an AI, it probably...In GPT-3’s API, a ‘ prompt ‘ is a parameter that is provided to the API so that it is able to identify the context of the problem to be solved. Depending on how the prompt is written, the returned text will attempt to match the pattern accordingly. The below graph shows the accuracy of GPT-3 with prompt and without prompt in the models ...You need to use GPT2Model class to generate the sentence embeddings of the text. once you have the embeddings feed them to a Linear NN and softmax function to obtain the logits, below is a component for text classification using GPT2 I'm working on (still a work in progress, so I'm open to suggestions), it follows the logic I just described: GPT-3, a state-of-the-art NLP system, can easily detect and classify languages with high accuracy. It uses sophisticated algorithms to accurately determine the specific properties of any given text – such as word distribution and grammatical structures – to distinguish one language from another.The key difference between GPT-2 and BERT is that GPT-2 in its nature is a generative model while BERT isn’t. That’s why you can find a lot of tech blogs using BERT for text classification tasks and GPT-2 for text-generation tasks, but not much on using GPT-2 for text classification tasks.Dec 14, 2021 · The GPT-n series show very promising results for few-shot NLP classification tasks and keep improving as their model size increases (GPT3–175B). However, those models require massive computational resources and they are sensitive to the choice of prompts for training. Detect chatGPT content for Free, simple way & High accuracy. OpenAI detection tool, ai essay detector for teacher. Plagiarism detector for AI generated textAI Text Classifier from OpenAI is a GPT-3 and ChatGPT detector created for distinguishing between human-written and AI-generated text. According to OpenAI, the ChatGPT detector is a “fine-tuned GPT model that predicts how likely it is that a piece of text was generated by AI from a variety of sources, such as ChatGPT.”.Jul 26, 2023 · OpenAI has taken down its AI classifier months after it was released due to its inability to accurately determine whether a chunk of text was automatically generated by a large language model or written by a human. "As of July 20, 2023, the AI classifier is no longer available due to its low rate of accuracy," the biz said in a short statement ... GPT-2 Output Detector is an online demo of a machine learning model designed to detect the authenticity of text inputs. It is based on the RoBERTa model developed by HuggingFace and OpenAI and is implemented using the 🤗/Transformers library. The demo allows users to enter text into a text box and receive a prediction of the text's authenticity, with probabilities displayed below. The model ...ChatGPT. ChatGPT, which stands for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is a large language model -based chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched on November 30, 2022, which enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language used. Successive prompts and replies, known as ...OpenAI admits the classifier, which is a GPT model that is fine-tuned via supervised learning to perform binary classification, with a training dataset consisting of human-written and AI-written ...Jun 7, 2020 · As seen in the formulation above, we need to teach GPT-2 to pick the correct class when given the problem as a multiple-choice problem. The authors teach GPT-2 to do this by fine-tuning on a simple pre-training task called title prediction. 1. Gathering Data for Weak Supervision 1. AI Text Classifier AI Text Classifer comes straight from the source: ChatGPT developer OpenAI. It seems a little awkward for ChatGPT to evaluate itself, but since it’s an AI, it probably...Product Transforming work and creativity with AI Our API platform offers our latest models and guides for safety best practices. Models GPT GPT-4 is OpenAI’s most advanced system, producing safer and more useful responses. Learn about GPT-4 Advanced reasoning Creativity Visual input Longer context Mar 14, 2023 · GPT-4 incorporates an additional safety reward signal during RLHF training to reduce harmful outputs (as defined by our usage guidelines) by training the model to refuse requests for such content. The reward is provided by a GPT-4 zero-shot classifier judging safety boundaries and completion style on safety-related prompts. After ensuring you have the right amount and structure for your dataset, and have uploaded the file, the next step is to create a fine-tuning job. Start your fine-tuning job using the OpenAI SDK: python. Copy ‍. openai.FineTuningJob.create (training_file="file-abc123", model="gpt-3.5-turbo")SetFit is outperforming GPT-3 in 7 out of 11 tasks, while being 1600x smaller. In this blog, you will learn how to use SetFit to create a text-classification model with only a 8 labeled samples per class, or 32 samples in total. You will also learn how to improve your model by using hyperparamter tuning. You will learn how to:NLP Cloud's Intent Classification API. NLP Cloud proposes an intent classification API with generative models that gives you the opportunity to perform detection out of the box, with breathtaking results. If the base generative model is not enough, you can also fine-tune/train GPT-J or Dolphin on NLP Cloud and automatically deploy the new model ...SetFit is outperforming GPT-3 in 7 out of 11 tasks, while being 1600x smaller. In this blog, you will learn how to use SetFit to create a text-classification model with only a 8 labeled samples per class, or 32 samples in total. You will also learn how to improve your model by using hyperparamter tuning. You will learn how to:Analogously, a classifier based on a generative model is a generative classifier, while a classifier based on a discriminative model is a discriminative classifier, though this term also refers to classifiers that are not based on a model. Standard examples of each, all of which are linear classifiers, are: generative classifiers: OpenAI, the company behind DALL-E and ChatGPT, has released a free tool that it says is meant to “distinguish between text written by a human and text written by AIs.”. It warns the classifier ...Text classification is a common NLP task that assigns a label or class to text. Some of the largest companies run text classification in production for a wide range of practical applications. One of the most popular forms of text classification is sentiment analysis, which assigns a label like 🙂 positive, 🙁 negative, or 😐 neutral to a ...GPT2ForSequenceClassification) # Set seed for reproducibility. set_seed (123) # Number of training epochs (authors on fine-tuning Bert recommend between 2 and 4). epochs = 4. # Number of batches - depending on the max sequence length and GPU memory. # For 512 sequence length batch of 10 works without cuda memory issues.Jul 26, 2023 · OpenAI has taken down its AI classifier months after it was released due to its inability to accurately determine whether a chunk of text was automatically generated by a large language model or written by a human. "As of July 20, 2023, the AI classifier is no longer available due to its low rate of accuracy," the biz said in a short statement ... AI Text Classifier from OpenAI is a GPT-3 and ChatGPT detector created for distinguishing between human-written and AI-generated text. According to OpenAI, the ChatGPT detector is a “fine-tuned GPT model that predicts how likely it is that a piece of text was generated by AI from a variety of sources, such as ChatGPT.”.Jan 31, 2023 · OpenAI, the company behind DALL-E and ChatGPT, has released a free tool that it says is meant to “distinguish between text written by a human and text written by AIs.”. It warns the classifier ... Some of the examples demonstrated here currently work only with our most capable model, gpt-4. If you don't yet have access to gpt-4 consider joining the waitlist. In general, if you find that a GPT model fails at a task and a more capable model is available, it's often worth trying again with the more capable model.GPT for Sheets and Docs is an AI writer for Google Sheets and Google Docs. It enables you to use ChatGPT directly in Google Sheets and Docs. It is built on top OpenAI ChatGPT and GPT-3 models. You can use it for all sorts of tasks on text: writing, editing, extracting, cleaning, translating, summarizing, outlining, explaining, etc If ChatGPT ...Jan 23, 2023 · Today I am going to do Image Classification using Chat-GPT , I am going to classify fruits using deep learning and VGG-16 architecture and review how Chat G... We found that GPT-4-early and GPT-4-launch exhibit many of the same limitations as earlier language models, such as producing biased and unreliable content. Prior to our mitigations being put in place, we also found that GPT-4-early presented increased risks in areas such as finding websites selling illegal goods or services, and planning attacks.1. AI Text Classifier AI Text Classifer comes straight from the source: ChatGPT developer OpenAI. It seems a little awkward for ChatGPT to evaluate itself, but since it’s an AI, it probably...You need to use GPT2Model class to generate the sentence embeddings of the text. once you have the embeddings feed them to a Linear NN and softmax function to obtain the logits, below is a component for text classification using GPT2 I'm working on (still a work in progress, so I'm open to suggestions), it follows the logic I just described:Oct 18, 2022 · SetFit is outperforming GPT-3 in 7 out of 11 tasks, while being 1600x smaller. In this blog, you will learn how to use SetFit to create a text-classification model with only a 8 labeled samples per class, or 32 samples in total. You will also learn how to improve your model by using hyperparamter tuning. You will learn how to: Nov 9, 2020 · Size of word embeddings was increased to 12888 for GPT-3 from 1600 for GPT-2. Context window size was increased from 1024 for GPT-2 to 2048 tokens for GPT-3. Adam optimiser was used with β_1=0.9 ... Sep 26, 2022 · Although based on much smaller models than existing few-shot methods, SetFit performs on par or better than state of the art few-shot regimes on a variety of benchmarks. On RAFT, a few-shot classification benchmark, SetFit Roberta (using the all-roberta-large-v1 model) with 355 million parameters outperforms PET and GPT-3. It places just under ... In this example the GPT-3 ada model is fine-tuned/trained as a classifier to distinguish between the two sports: Baseball and Hockey. The ada model forms part of the original, base GPT-3-series. You can see these two sports as two basic intents, one intent being “baseball” and the other “hockey”. Total examples: 1197, Baseball examples ...Using GPT models for downstream NLP tasks. It is evident that these GPT models are powerful and can generate text that is often indistinguishable from human-generated text. But how can we get a GPT model to perform tasks such as classification, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, text cleaning, and information extraction?Product Transforming work and creativity with AI Our API platform offers our latest models and guides for safety best practices. Models GPT GPT-4 is OpenAI’s most advanced system, producing safer and more useful responses. Learn about GPT-4 Advanced reasoning Creativity Visual input Longer context Viable helps companies better understand their customers by using GPT-3 to provide useful insights from customer feedback in easy-to-understand summaries. Using GPT-3, Viable identifies themes, emotions, and sentiment from surveys, help desk tickets, live chat logs, reviews, and more. It then pulls insights from this aggregated feedback and ...The GPT2 Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer). GPT2ForSequenceClassification uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models (e.g. GPT-1) do. Since it does classification on the last token, it requires to know the position of the last token.As a top-ranking AI-detection tool, Originality.ai can identify and flag GPT2, GPT3, GPT3.5, and even ChatGPT material. It will be interesting to see how well these two platforms perform in detecting 100% AI-generated content. OpenAI Text Classifier employs a different probability structure from other AI content detection tools. Feb 1, 2023 · AI classifier for indicating AI-written text Topics detector openai gpt gpt-2 gpt-detector gpt-3 openai-api llm prompt-engineering chatgpt chatgpt-detector GPT-4 incorporates an additional safety reward signal during RLHF training to reduce harmful outputs (as defined by our usage guidelines) by training the model to refuse requests for such content. The reward is provided by a GPT-4 zero-shot classifier judging safety boundaries and completion style on safety-related prompts.Product Transforming work and creativity with AI Our API platform offers our latest models and guides for safety best practices. Models GPT GPT-4 is OpenAI’s most advanced system, producing safer and more useful responses. Learn about GPT-4 Advanced reasoning Creativity Visual input Longer contextGetting Started - NLP - Classification Using GPT-2 | Kaggle. Andres_G · 2y ago · 1,847 views.Aug 1, 2023 · AI-Guardian is designed to detect when images have likely been manipulated to trick a classifier, and GPT-4 was tasked with evading that detection. "Our attacks reduce the robustness of AI-Guardian from a claimed 98 percent to just 8 percent, under the threat model studied by the original [AI-Guardian] paper," wrote Carlini. AI classifier for indicating AI-written text Topics detector openai gpt gpt-2 gpt-detector gpt-3 openai-api llm prompt-engineering chatgpt chatgpt-detectorGPT-3, a state-of-the-art NLP system, can easily detect and classify languages with high accuracy. It uses sophisticated algorithms to accurately determine the specific properties of any given text – such as word distribution and grammatical structures – to distinguish one language from another.Feb 6, 2023 · While the out-of-the-box GPT-3 is able to predict filing categories at a 73% accuracy, let’s try fine-tuning our own GPT-3 model. Fine-tuning a large language model involves training a pre-trained model on a smaller, task-specific dataset, while keeping the pre-trained parameters fixed and only updating the final layers of the model. Aug 31, 2023 · Data augmentation is a widely employed technique to alleviate the problem of data scarcity. In this work, we propose a prompting-based approach to generate labelled training data for intent classification with off-the-shelf language models (LMs) such as GPT-3. An advantage of this method is that no task-specific LM-fine-tuning for data ... Jun 7, 2020 · As seen in the formulation above, we need to teach GPT-2 to pick the correct class when given the problem as a multiple-choice problem. The authors teach GPT-2 to do this by fine-tuning on a simple pre-training task called title prediction. 1. Gathering Data for Weak Supervision Product Transforming work and creativity with AI Our API platform offers our latest models and guides for safety best practices. Models GPT GPT-4 is OpenAI’s most advanced system, producing safer and more useful responses. Learn about GPT-4 Advanced reasoning Creativity Visual input Longer contextFeb 1, 2023 · AI Text Classifier from OpenAI is a GPT-3 and ChatGPT detector created for distinguishing between human-written and AI-generated text. According to OpenAI, the ChatGPT detector is a “fine-tuned GPT model that predicts how likely it is that a piece of text was generated by AI from a variety of sources, such as ChatGPT.”. In GPT-3’s API, a ‘ prompt ‘ is a parameter that is provided to the API so that it is able to identify the context of the problem to be solved. Depending on how the prompt is written, the returned text will attempt to match the pattern accordingly. The below graph shows the accuracy of GPT-3 with prompt and without prompt in the models ...OpenAI. Product, Announcements. ChatGPT is a sibling model to InstructGPT, which is trained to follow an instruction in a prompt and provide a detailed response. We are excited to introduce ChatGPT to get users’ feedback and learn about its strengths and weaknesses. During the research preview, usage of ChatGPT is free.Analogously, a classifier based on a generative model is a generative classifier, while a classifier based on a discriminative model is a discriminative classifier, though this term also refers to classifiers that are not based on a model. Standard examples of each, all of which are linear classifiers, are: generative classifiers:Mar 25, 2021 · Viable helps companies better understand their customers by using GPT-3 to provide useful insights from customer feedback in easy-to-understand summaries. Using GPT-3, Viable identifies themes, emotions, and sentiment from surveys, help desk tickets, live chat logs, reviews, and more. It then pulls insights from this aggregated feedback and ... Data augmentation is a widely employed technique to alleviate the problem of data scarcity. In this work, we propose a prompting-based approach to generate labelled training data for intent classification with off-the-shelf language models (LMs) such as GPT-3. An advantage of this method is that no task-specific LM-fine-tuning for data ...Feb 1, 2023 · AI classifier for indicating AI-written text Topics detector openai gpt gpt-2 gpt-detector gpt-3 openai-api llm prompt-engineering chatgpt chatgpt-detector Dec 14, 2021 · The GPT-n series show very promising results for few-shot NLP classification tasks and keep improving as their model size increases (GPT3–175B). However, those models require massive computational resources and they are sensitive to the choice of prompts for training. Dec 14, 2021 · The GPT-n series show very promising results for few-shot NLP classification tasks and keep improving as their model size increases (GPT3–175B). However, those models require massive computational resources and they are sensitive to the choice of prompts for training. The GPT2 Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer). GPT2ForSequenceClassification uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models (e.g. GPT-1) do. Since it does classification on the last token, it requires to know the position of the last token.Muzaffar Ismail - Feb 01, 2023. OpenAI, makers of the AI-driven Chat GPT, have released a new AI classifier that might be able to check if something has been written using Chat GPT. However, just like their own Chat GPT, they also included plenty of disclaimers saying that their AI classifier “is not fully reliable”... and they’re right.The AI Text Classifier is a fine-tuned GPT model that predicts how likely it is that AI generated a piece of text. The model can be used to detect ChatGPT and AI Plagiarism, but it’s not reliable enough yet because actually knowing if it’s human vs. machine-generated is really hard. “Our classifier is not fully reliable.You need to use GPT2Model class to generate the sentence embeddings of the text. once you have the embeddings feed them to a Linear NN and softmax function to obtain the logits, below is a component for text classification using GPT2 I'm working on (still a work in progress, so I'm open to suggestions), it follows the logic I just described: Text classification is a very common problem that needs solving when dealing with text data. We’ve all seen and know how to use Encoder Transformer models li...The "AI Text Classifier," as the company calls it, is a "fine-tuned GPT model that predicts how likely it is that a piece of text was generated by AI from a variety of sources," OpenAI said in ...ChatGPT. ChatGPT, which stands for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is a large language model -based chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched on November 30, 2022, which enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language used. Successive prompts and replies, known as ...Dec 14, 2021 · The GPT-n series show very promising results for few-shot NLP classification tasks and keep improving as their model size increases (GPT3–175B). However, those models require massive computational resources and they are sensitive to the choice of prompts for training. May 8, 2022 · When GPT-2 is fine-tuned for text classification (positive vs. negative), the head of the model is a linear layer that takes the LAST output embedding and outputs 2 class logits. I still can't grasp why this works. We I have fine-tuned a GPT-2 model with a language model head on medical triage text, and would like to use this model as a classifier. However, as far as I can tell, the Automodel Huggingface library allows me to have either a LM or a classifier etc. head, but I don’t see a way to add a classifier on top of a fine-tuned LM.GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) is an advanced language processing AI model developed by OpenAI, with over 175 billion parameters. GPT-3 is trained on a massive amount of diverse text data from the internet and is capable of many things, including text categorization.You need to use GPT2Model class to generate the sentence embeddings of the text. once you have the embeddings feed them to a Linear NN and softmax function to obtain the logits, below is a component for text classification using GPT2 I'm working on (still a work in progress, so I'm open to suggestions), it follows the logic I just described: Feb 6, 2023 · Like the AI Text Classifier or the GPT-2 Output Detector, GPTZero is designed to differentiate human and AI text. However, while the former two tools give you a simple prediction, this one is more ... — ChatGPT. According to OpenAI, the classifier incorrectly labels human-written text as AI-written 9% of the time. This mistake didn’t occur in my testing, but I chalk that up to the small sample...

Detect chatGPT content for Free, simple way & High accuracy. OpenAI detection tool, ai essay detector for teacher. Plagiarism detector for AI generated text. Hd unisex hoodie l24

gpt classifier

Classification. The Classifications endpoint ( /classifications) provides the ability to leverage a labeled set of examples without fine-tuning and can be used for any text-to-label task. By avoiding fine-tuning, it eliminates the need for hyper-parameter tuning. The endpoint serves as an "autoML" solution that is easy to configure, and adapt ...When GPT-2 is fine-tuned for text classification (positive vs. negative), the head of the model is a linear layer that takes the LAST output embedding and outputs 2 class logits. I still can't grasp why this works.Jul 26, 2023 · OpenAI has taken down its AI classifier months after it was released due to its inability to accurately determine whether a chunk of text was automatically generated by a large language model or written by a human. "As of July 20, 2023, the AI classifier is no longer available due to its low rate of accuracy," the biz said in a short statement ... Feb 3, 2022 · The key difference between GPT-2 and BERT is that GPT-2 in its nature is a generative model while BERT isn’t. That’s why you can find a lot of tech blogs using BERT for text classification tasks and GPT-2 for text-generation tasks, but not much on using GPT-2 for text classification tasks. After ensuring you have the right amount and structure for your dataset, and have uploaded the file, the next step is to create a fine-tuning job. Start your fine-tuning job using the OpenAI SDK: python. Copy ‍. openai.FineTuningJob.create (training_file="file-abc123", model="gpt-3.5-turbo")1. @NicoLi interesting. I think you can utilize gpt3 for this, yes. But you most likely would need to supervise the outcome. I think you could use it to generate descriptions and then adapt them by hand if necessary. would most likely drastically speed up the process. – Gewure. Nov 9, 2020 at 18:50.Step 2: Deploy the backend as a Google Cloud Function. If you don’t have one already, create a Google Cloud account, then navigate to Cloud Functions. Click Create Function. Paste in your ...Feb 25, 2023 · OpenAI has created an AI Text Classifier to counter its own GPT model.Though far from being completely accurate, this Classifier can still identify AI text. Unlike other tools, OpenAI’s Classifier doesn’t provide a score or highlight AI-generated sentences. An approach to optimize Few-Shot Learning in production is to learn a common representation for a task and then train task-specific classifiers on top of this representation. OpenAI showed in the GPT-3 Paper that the few-shot prompting ability improves with the number of language model parameters.Product Transforming work and creativity with AI Our API platform offers our latest models and guides for safety best practices. Models GPT GPT-4 is OpenAI’s most advanced system, producing safer and more useful responses. Learn about GPT-4 Advanced reasoning Creativity Visual input Longer contextSome of the examples demonstrated here currently work only with our most capable model, gpt-4. If you don't yet have access to gpt-4 consider joining the waitlist. In general, if you find that a GPT model fails at a task and a more capable model is available, it's often worth trying again with the more capable model.Size of word embeddings was increased to 12888 for GPT-3 from 1600 for GPT-2. Context window size was increased from 1024 for GPT-2 to 2048 tokens for GPT-3. Adam optimiser was used with β_1=0.9 ...The GPT2 Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer). GPT2ForSequenceClassification uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models (e.g. GPT-1) do. Since it does classification on the last token, it requires to know the position of the last token.Nov 9, 2020 · Size of word embeddings was increased to 12888 for GPT-3 from 1600 for GPT-2. Context window size was increased from 1024 for GPT-2 to 2048 tokens for GPT-3. Adam optimiser was used with β_1=0.9 ... .

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